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[转帖]私摄影鼻祖——南·戈尔丁


私摄影鼻祖——南·戈尔丁
1953年出生的南·戈尔丁(Nan Goldin)是现在美国最受瞩目的摄影家之一。她在14岁的时候离家出走。她与各种自我放逐于美国主流社会以外的青年人共同生活。在这期间,戈尔丁怀着“自己记录自己的历史”的愿望,开始以摄影方式如实拍摄他们的群体生活,不作任何修饰,赤裸裸地展示了处于社会主流边缘的一部分美国青年的生活实态。这些作品最初是以有音乐背景的幻灯片展览形式在美国的各个美术馆展出,并于1986年以《性依赖的叙事曲》为名结集出版,引起巨大反响。她甚至在这本摄影集中放入了自己被男友打得鼻青眼肿的形象,以此打破摄影者只是观看者的惯例,开创了一种大胆地将私人生活纳入纪实摄影视野的新型体裁。
  1988年,戈尔丁因为吸毒而接受了一年的治疗并成功地重返社会。1992年,戈尔丁以曼谷、马尼拉、柏林、波士顿等地的女装同性恋为拍摄对象,出版了《另一边》。1994年,她访问日本并与日本摄影家荒木经惟合作,出版了表现东京街头青年生活的摄影集,名为《东京之爱》。1996年,纽约惠特尼美术馆以《我将是你的镜子》为名为她举办了二十五年摄影活动大型回顾展。
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[ 此贴被黑白对白在2006-04-04 01:14重新编辑 ]


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我将是你的镜子


——南·戈尔丁谈摄影
  编译:千真

  问:你是怎么想到要以摄影这个手段来表现你的生活的?

  答:开始拍摄照片的时候,我终于感觉到,摄影是一种稍微可以由自己控制自己的人生的方式。我的姐姐在我11岁的时候自杀了,也许是这件事的影响吧,我非常害怕失去自己所爱的人与物。用照相机把自己周围的人拍摄下来,我会觉得有一种没有失去他们的心理安慰。我出生于美国典型的中产阶级家庭,因此大家总是对自己周围的事物非常小心。那是一种把所有不合时宜的事物都作了修正的环境。比如把我姐姐自杀的事也说成是有事故原因的。我想,如果我以摄影的方式保留下人生的记录的话,那么对于我的人生难也无法加以修正了。问:是什么现实原因使得你接触到了摄影并认识到它的作用?

  答:你知道夏天之山吗?我上的就是像夏天之山那样的非常自由的学校。那儿不上课。我用学校发给我们的波拉洛伊德一步成像照相机和胶卷开始就拍起照片来了。这是我159左右的时候。现在与我一起编辑我的摄影作品集的他就是我最早的被摄体。对我来说,摄影是一种开始让我恢复自信的手段。所谓的艺术家,都是一些敏感脆弱的人,对吧。为了保持正直之心,获得自信,也就是说,为了获得一种平衡才创造作品的。一旦感觉到恐惧了,我就拍摄照片。我觉得这么一来的话,总能把这种恐惧给化解了。

  问:你拍摄这些照片的理由或者说动机是什么?

  答:我拍摄这些照片的第一个理由是,把自己的生活告诉别人。我要告诉人家,这是我现在的,而且也是至今为止一直如此的我的生活方式。而通过发表作品,使之公开化的方式,我自己获得了更大的力量也是事实。第二个理由,是电视所提供的图像,好莱坞电影这种大众文化,好像是在向人们提供他们现实生活的图像,但实际上却是与现实生活相距甚远的描写。倒不如说是这些东西使得人们拥有了一种错误的期待。流行音乐也是一样,非常感伤、浪漫的歌词,使许多人误认为这就是我们的现实,而实际上那只是幻想,是神话。而把这信以为真的人,一旦在现实生活中遇到什么不顺利的事情时,就会产生过大的挫折感与失败感。我的照片想要弄清楚的是,在每个人自身的现实生活中,包括性爱在内的各个方面,作为一种实际体验是怎么一回事。此外打破大众文化强加于人的幻想与神话也是非常重要的。

  问:从你拍摄的照片里可以看出你与你的被摄对象之间的某种关系……

  答:的确如此。我只拍摄我非常熟悉的人。在拍摄人物时,我们看得最真切的是人的面孔,而且在人的脸上可以发现一个人的一切。还有我与这个人的惰感上的联系,也在他的脸上可以发现。还有记忆也是。我不是通过摄影寻找美的事物,只是把我所看到的那个人拍摄下来。虽然有人说摄影是一种攻击性的行为,但对我来说,拍摄照片是触摸、爱抚我眼前的这个人的一种行为,是我自己特有的表达我的敬意的一种方式。照相机在那种时候就是我的眼睛与手。

  问:你觉得你身为一个女性对你的摄影是否产生什么影响?

  答:当然,我是女性这件事与我的摄影当然有关系。我的照片是直接来自我的经验的东西,而且是以我个人的视点拍摄的东西,是作为女性的我的视点来拍摄的。我的照片中有许多是性的影像,但我从来没有认为因为我是一个女人就不应该拍摄这种影像。不应该接受因为是一个女人就不应该拍摄这种影像的说法,而且我从来就没有这么想过。何况从摄影史的角度来看,就是在女性手中诞生了许多精彩的照片。J·M·卡梅隆、黛安·阿巴丝、伊莫金·坎宁安,她们都是优秀的摄影家吧。与男性相比较的话,女性不拥有固定僵化的自我意识体系,因此她能够进入到他人的精神世界当中去。而男性呢,他的眼睛只是关注表面的事实,女性则会注意到事物的暧昧的领域中去。因为她们知道,事物本身的进程并不是由出现在表面的东西所决定的。女性的精神构造远比男人复杂得多。因此,真正自由的观点是由女性来提供的。

  问:你的成名作《性依赖的叙事曲》受到非常高的评价,使你一举成名。这对于你的创作有什么影响?

  答:至少在艺术界里,像让我所尊敬的理查德赛.这样的艺术家知道了我,这就很让我高兴。男性摄影家的反应也相当有趣。他们好像感觉到了我的威胁。因为我把人们公认的摄影规则全给破坏了。出现在《性依赖的叙事曲》中的许多人现在已经因为艾滋病而死去了。我们幸存下来的人就变得更加亲密了。朋友们虽然在事先已经同意这些照片公开发表,但是一旦摄影集出版了,自己的私生活分之于众了,他们仍然感到相当的困惑。这个问题就只能靠时间来解决了,现在他们已经没有问题了。我想,我的摄影特点是:成为被摄体的人因为被拍人照片而看到了自身的价值。问:是否可以这么认为,你的这些照片都是根据你自己的惰感反应而来,它们不体现某种评价?

  答:有人说,对于亲密的友人,我的最大特点是,对发生在自己与人们面前的事情有一种全面接受的力量。对发生在眼前的一切,我不把自己的眼睛避开,也不作任何修改,只把这个人与他所在的场所一起如实地通过镜头接受下来。对我来说,这要比粉饰来得更具有吸引力。也许,与西方人对待事物的方式相比的话,这可以说是更为东方化的方式吧。从这个意义上来说,我的摄影也可以说是东方式的。

  问:你在你的作品集《性依赖的叙事曲》的序文中说,相对于用文字写成的日记,你自己的摄影作品则是一种视觉日记。请问对你来说,这两种日记之间有什么关系?

  答:我现在还是有着一种要把所有事情记住的强烈愿望,因此,不管是日记还是视觉日记都是来自于这一愿望的东西。我抱有一种类似于信念的想法,认为只要有了记录,不管是人还是物,就什么东西也不会失去了。这些年来,我每天都在记日记,一天不记,就有一种若有所失的感觉。但内容却是非常枯燥的,因为那是非常自我中心的东西。当然那只是写给自己的东西,根本没有想过要公开的。因此,与其说是作为记录保留的,还不如说是在那个时候向自己诉说的东西。对我来说,这就是文字写作的日记。而视觉日记,则是一种保留记录的意识在起着更强的作用。老实说,那都是自己有一种冲动才拍摄下来的。也许可以这么说,如果自己内心有什么感受却隐忍不发的话,那对身体不好,因此,我是为了自己的心理健康才拍摄的。我想,不要先去考虑什么,先把照片拍下来再说。以后再加上什么理由也可以。拍摄是前提,并不是有什么话要说。

  问:记下来、或者说记录事实,像这样的可能性在摄影中是很大的。

  答:这就是经验的保存。在这十多年里,跟我关系非常密切的朋友已经有十多人死去了。许多人都是因为吸毒与艾滋病的原因死去的,这当中很多人曾经做过我摄影集中的被摄体。而这也让我深切地感受到摄影的局限。两个月前我去马尼拉拍摄,可在这以前,我从来没有把根本不认识的人作为被摄体拍摄过。首先,与某个事物有一种什么关系,然后才会发生拍摄照片这个行为。我一直就是这么拍摄的。

  问:在们生依赖的叙事曲》的序文中,你使用了公众与私人这两个词……

  答:我感觉到在私人领域里,总有人把错误强加进来。所谓错误指的是在现实生活当中无法通过的事情,但这个概念却被强加到私生活领域里来了。比如说,一般而言的性的问题、或者身份问题等,这些问题大家都尽量不去打听,不去询问,因为这是私人的事情,作为礼貌不去触及的。不谈它,保守秘密,把它关在私生活的围墙里,他人不进入这个领域。虽然就我来说,我把自己受男友的虐待,肉体上被折磨的事拍摄下来并发表出来,但在实际上,美国的女性们相互之间是不谈这种事的。虽然并不知道确切的统计,但大概每十秒钟就会在什么地方有一个女性在受这样的虐待,但这种事在公开场合几乎从来没有人谈过。我认为,现在大家都来谈论许多女性都面临的共同的问题,并且以更加公开的态度对待它已经变得越来越可能了。


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[1 楼] | Posted:2006-04-04 01:15| 顶端
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The AI Interview: Nan Goldin 的访谈
by Robert Ayers
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Self-Portrait at My Sister's Graveyard, Virginia, 2004
Nan Goldin
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Sunset Like Hair, Sete, France, 2003
Nan Goldin
插画中国原创插画 http://bbs.chahua.org
Self-Portrait at New Year's Eve, Malibu, 2006
Nan Goldin
插画中国原创插画 http://bbs.chahua.org
Fairy Light in Cherry Blossoms, NY, 2004
Nan Goldin
插画中国原创插画 http://bbs.chahua.org
Simon at Twilight, The Boston Gardens, 2005
Nan Goldin
插画中国原创插画 http://bbs.chahua.org
Falling Buildings, Rome, 2004
Nan Goldin
插画中国原创插画 http://bbs.chahua.org
Bridge Down to the Train Tracks, Silver Spring, MD, 2004
Nan Goldin
插画中国原创插画 http://bbs.chahua.org
Nan and Brian in Bed, NYC, 1983
Nan Goldin
插画中国原创插画 http://bbs.chahua.org
Gina at Bruce's Dinner Party, NYC, 1991
Nan Goldin
插画中国原创插画 http://bbs.chahua.org
Misty and Jimmy Paulette in a Taxi, NYC, 1991
Nan Goldin
插画中国原创插画 http://bbs.chahua.org
The Sky on the Twilight of Philippine's Death, Winterthur, 1997
Nan Goldin
插画中国原创插画 http://bbs.chahua.org
Cookie at Tin Pan Alley, NYC, 1983
Nan Goldin
插画中国原创插画 http://bbs.chahua.org
Joan Crawford on Fire, Thanksgiving, NJ, 2005 (a benefit print, in an edition of 100, available for $450)
Nan Goldin
Few artists’ lives have been as intimately interconnected with their art as Nan Goldin’s. Throughout her career, she has used photography as what she once famously called “the diary I let people read.” So we have witnessed the ups and downs of her life in greater detail than has often seemed comfortable.
With her current exhibition at the Matthew Marks Gallery in New York, however, she takes us closer to her own psychological edge than ever before. The show is called Chasing a Ghost, and it includes the unforgettable and frankly distressing three-screen slide and video presentation Sisters, Saints, & Sybils.
This piece premiered in Paris in 2004 and, after a brief prelude telling the story of Saint Barbara, it focuses in excruciating detail on Goldin’s sister Barbara’s suicide—and upon Goldin’s own hospitalization and stays in detox clinics. Goldin spoke to ArtInfo on the eve of her departure for Moscow, where she is showing at the city’s Museum of Modern Art as part of the Photobiennale.
Chasing a Ghost, the first installation by the artist to include moving pictures and a fully narrative score and voiceover, is on view at Matthew Marks' West 24th Street location through April 22.
Nan, people are talking about Sisters, Saints, & Sybils as a real development in your work—a step away from the slide shows and in the direction of cinema.
It has been promoted as if it’s the first time, but I’ve made a couple of movies with collaborators before. I made a movie with the BBC in 1995 called I’ll Be Your Mirror, and I shot my own video in that, and worked on the editing for a couple of weeks, and was very involved in the whole process. And I made another film about AIDS with someone who used to be a friend of mine in Paris.
So is it true to say that you’re moving in the direction of cinema, and that the slide shows are a sort of halfway house?
I do want to make movies. That’s been my desire since I was a child. I’m supposed to be making a longer-version movie of this same piece for Arte TV.
But here it’s in this three-screen version. It rather reminds me of the triptych format that you use in some of your photographs.
The idea came out of the architecture of the Salpêtrière in Paris, which is the oldest mental hospital for women and prostitutes in the city. That’s where it was developed and that was where it was shown in 2004, and that’s really the context of the piece.
It was an incredible piece because it was done on three huge screens, 50 meters across. It’s was a collaboration with Raymonde Couvre—she’s a scenographer—and the idea of using three screens came out of her suggestion of using the three arches in the middle of the chapel. But it also goes with the triptych of Saint Barbara, my sister Barbara and myself. There was constantly the idea of a triptych.
Tell me a bit about Saint Barbara. Because it comes at the very beginning, her story of confinement and martyrdom rather sets the tone for the whole of the rest of the piece, I thought.
The story of Saint Barbara is not very much fleshed out in this version of the film. But at the Salpêtrière Chapel, which is 35 meters high, we had Swiss alpine climbers go up and lower black felt over the windows, leaving three windows uncovered. This is part of the miracle of Saint Barbara—there were only two windows in the place where she was entombed by her father, but supposedly through her faith she created a third window for the holy ghost. So the Salpêtrière Chapel was blackened apart from these three windows. You could see this from all over Paris, because it’s a very high tower.
So it was a real public spectacle?
After it opened, it was such a big success. It was commissioned by the Festival d’Automne, which invites an international artist every year, and Sisters, Saints, & Sybils got twice as many visitors as anyone else’s work. Twice as many as Bill Viola, which surprised me. Twenty thousand people saw it during the six-week installation, and 400 people fainted during that time, which I was quite proud of.
Unfortunately, the church will never let the Festival d’Automne use the Salpêtrière space again because the priest was so offended by it. It upset me that they hadn’t let the priest know what it was going to be. But I couldn’t imagine being given access to one of the oldest mental hospitals in the world, especially one that was dedicated to women, and not doing something about mental illness there.
Yes, and it is uncompromisingly about mental illness. In the past, when you’ve dealt with personally upsetting subject matter, you’ve talked about photography as a “healing art.” But when you tackle material as difficult as this, does making the work actually make it less painful for you? Or does it make it worse?
In this case, it has not made it easier. People have said they really hoped it had been an exorcism, or that it had closed a chapter for me, or that it had given me the power to go on. In fact during the nine months we worked on the Salpêtrière project, the nine months we spent in the editing room, I was having a lot of difficulty. It became very emotional for me.
That really doesn’t surprise me, given the material you were editing.
Yes, we’d been shooting three or four times at the hospitals where my sister had been. They gave us unprecedented access—the first time in 150 years—to allow us to go into the locked ward of the hospital in Maryland where my sister had been for several years.
How did you manage that?
In return, I promised to do a benefit auction of artists who’ve used material dealing with mental illness to raise funds for the hospital. And I gave them one of my pieces, a large print.
We also got access to the first place she’d been in Cleveland, Ohio, which had been a sort of an orphanage. It had been very different when my sister was there, but I tried to shoot it so that it was like when my sister was there. Then there was a place that no longer exists that I don’t have many papers on. That was a real borstal—a really hard, tough place, where she’d had to slaughter chickens. Then the last place she’d been was the National Institute of Mental Health in Washington.
And as though these places weren’t bad enough, you filmed the place where she’d actually killed herself.
We went to the train tracks twice because I insisted that we try and go the very day she killed herself—which was April 12—so that we would have the same weather and flowers and all of that. And we went to her graveyard.
I have to say that I found the shot of the train passing very hard to take. Just the idea of her laying herself down on those tracks…
To me, it’s the courage of that, and the intensity of that, and the fact that it’s so rare for a woman to do it that way. Even now, but in the 1960s it was almost unheard of. Like zero. And people don’t get it, the severity of it. They don’t have a reaction to it, to all of what that means. It doesn’t just mean suicide. It’s such an extreme and violent self-annihilation. I’ve felt suicidal, but I’ve never myself felt ready to go that far. But I understand it.
So has that understanding helped you to see how you’re going to go forward with your work?
It hasn’t helped me. After the installation at the Salpêtrière, we continued to shoot for the Arte TV [version], but actually the whole project has so exhausted me and had such a profound emotional effect on me that it’s been very hard for me to go back into the material. So no, I didn’t really get exorcism from it.
Did you expect to get exorcism?
No. I didn’t know what to expect. People sometimes don’t understand how I could have been so close to somebody seven years older than me. But I feel more like my sister than ever, and I learned things that were really scary for me, and made me feel much closer to her.
NOTE: In memory of her sister, Nan Goldin has produced a special print, Joan Crawford on Fire, Thanksgiving, New Jersey (2005) Cibachrome, 11 x 14 inches, in an edition of 100. It benefits Kaufman Center/Barbara Holly Goldin Memorial Scholarship Fund and Giorno Poetry Systems. It is available from Matthew Marks at $450.


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[2 楼] | Posted:2006-04-04 01:18| 顶端
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[3 楼] | Posted:2006-04-04 01:21| 顶端
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[4 楼] | Posted:2006-04-04 01:22| 顶端
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[5 楼] | Posted:2006-04-04 22:42| 顶端
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[6 楼] | Posted:2006-04-07 07:59| 顶端

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